John Lockes Person Identity - 1651 Words

Identify is needed to determine existence. How to you determine the existence of an object according to John Locke it must be compared in a state via a determine place and time, to itself at a separate place and time (Locke 367L). An object cannot exist at the same time in two separate places. For example, a 20 ounce bottle of coke at a gas station in Kentucky and another 20 ounce bottle of coke in an airport in Denver do not share the same identity. This is because while they may share every single trait, the fact that they exist in separate places at the same time makes them separate objects that do not share the same identity. From this brief understanding of identity Locke creates his theory of personal identity. Locke first makes the important distinction between non-living objects and living objects. The identity of a non-living object, a bundle of atoms, changes, â€Å"if one of these atoms is taken away, or one new one added, it is no longer the same mass or the same body.† (Locke 368R). In Locke’s theory the moment the atoms change even in the slightest bit with one atom being lost or added the bundle of atoms are no longer the same bundle that existed before the addition/subtraction of atoms. For example, if a stick of chalk made a line on a blackboard for every time one atom of chalk left stick to form the line a completely new stick of chalk would exist. This concept of constant changing identity with the slightest modification does not extend to livingShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke s Argument For Personal Identity Essay1547 Words   |  7 Pagesthis essay is to define what Personal Identity is by analyzing John Locke’s argument for Personal Identity. John Locke’s argument for Personal Identity will be examined, in order to establish a better understanding of whether or not the argument for personal identity could be embraced. In order to do so, the essay will i) State and explain Locke’s argument that we are not substances or mere souls and ii) State and explain Locke’s concept of personal identity and its relations to what he calls selfRead MoreEssay about Why Is Personal Identity Important in Lockes View?1596 Words   |  7 Pagesessay Of Identity and Diversity, Locke talks about the importance of personal identity. The title of his essay gives an idea of his view. Identity, according to Locke, is the memory and self consciousness, and diversity is the faculty to transfer memories across bodies and souls. In order to make his point more understandable, Locke defines man and person. Locke identifies a man as an animal of a certai n form and a person as a thinking intelligent being. Furthermore, to Locke, a person has reasonsRead MoreJohn Locke s Theory Of Self And Personal Identity Essay1449 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Locke a seventeenth century Philosopher uses a number of thought experiments in his 1690 account, ’An Essay concerning Human Understanding’. He uses these thought experiments to help explain his definition of the self and personal identity. The thought experiments that are used, go some way in explaining his opinions and in clarifying the role that memory plays in defining the term. Although defining personal identity was and still is a complex subject and not all philosophers share the sameRead MoreJohn Locke Is Wrong And Identity Of Humans1535 Words   |  7 Pagesis a person? What makes a person, a person? Are humans just made of atoms and molecules just like what the scientists say? Or are humans something else, a soul perhaps? This has been debated for centuries by great phi losophers, and one of them is John Locke. His idea of identity of a human is that humans are conscious beings thus their identity involve consciousness. However, Thomas Reid believes that Locke is wrong and identity of humans are transitive. But Locke’s To John Locke, identity of aRead MoreJohn Locke And Personal Identity1224 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Locke states that personal identity is a matter of physiological continuity that is based on the consciousness of a person rather than the individual’s body. Personal identity is constituted by memory connections; specifically the depiction of autobiographical memory connections that result in constituting personal identity. John Locke states that a person’s personality and psychology can be transferred to another body and that individual can still stay the same person because the consciousnessRead MoreLocke And John Lockes Theory On Personal Identity860 Words   |  4 Pages Personal Identity or ‘Self’ has been a very important topic for philosophers for many years. Personal identity is how you describe or think of being which is derived from memories that have taken place over the years. John Locke was a philosopher who believed that your ‘Self’ or personal identity come from memory which is also referred to as consciousness in Locke’s writings. Locke believed that you are who you are, because your thoughts are yours alone no matter the vessel. However, in this paperRead MoreThe Use Of Dualism With The Mind Body Problem Essay923 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosopher: John Locke is an English philosopher born in 1632 and died in 1704. He is one of the most influential philosopher to attack the concept of dualism with the Mind-Body problem. Topic: John Locke is very keen on personal identity. He believes that consciousness creates personal identity. The body isn’t essential, so when a person’s soul fleets to a different body, they are still the same person because their consciousness thrives: â€Å"Personal Identity is wherever the consciousness is† (John Locke’sRead MoreEssay about The View of Self1177 Words   |  5 Pages The view of the self and the theory of personal identity are one of the most interesting topics in the world of philosophy. It attempts to answer the question as to what makes the person now the same person that existed a year (or any period of time) ago. The world is constantly evolving and becoming more technologically proficient; ones identity is becoming more difficult to define. John Locke, an early modern philosopher, is credited as being the firstRead MoreJohn Locke And The Self863 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Locke and â€Å"the Self† Like Hobbes, John Locke was influenced by the scientific revolution and civil war. His notions about the self reflect a concern with all of these realms, names, religion, science, politics and social life. Locke believes in order to exist after death, there has to be a person after death who is the same person as the person who died. Consciousness can be transferred from on substance to another, and thus, while the soul is changed, consciousness remains the same, therebyRead MoreEssay Personal Identity 1209 Words   |  5 PagesThe two positions of personal identity over-time consider whether we are ‘tracking persons’ or ‘human beings’. Through analysing Locke’s account of personal identity and his definition of a ‘person’, the first side of this argument will be explained. However in opposition to Locke’s theory, the second position that considers us as ‘human beings’ will also be assessed, as advocated by animalist s such as Olson. In response to this examples of cases such as amnesia will also be taken into consideration

Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights - 898 Words

Wuthering Heights is one of the most famous novels of the Victorian time period. Emily Brontà « coins the intricacy of her creations in a multitude of admirable literary ways. In this tragic and twisted love story, Brontà « presents her characters in pairs, conveys a unique story-telling method, and utilizes internal character turmoil in order to build the distinct characterization of many characters. The complexity of the characters’ beings leads way to a compelling love story that also serves as a great mystery. The characters in Wuthering Heights are as similar as they are different. In order to emphasize the characters’ differences and similarities, Brontà « presents her characters in pairs. This could either be through the use of a foil, the two part nature of couples, or the natural division of human nature. â€Å"The key figures, moreover - Cathy and Isabella, Heathcliff and Edgar, Linton and Hareton, and Nelly and Lockwood - are drawn in sharp contrast to one another† (Berlinger 186). Heathcliff and Edgar are most certainly foils. The first was picked up on the street by a wealthy man who brought Heathcliff home and raised him as his son. The second was raised from birth in a wealthy household. Heathcliff can be viewed as an obsessive and vengeful character. â€Å"Heathcliff, according to Isabella, is ‘not a human being’† (Lodine-Chaffey 211). In stark contrast, Edgar is loving and compassionate and wishes nothing but the best for his beloved wife and sister. Heathcliff and EdgarShow MoreRelatedEmily Bronte s Wuthering Heights1167 Words   |  5 Pagesability to distinguish one person from the rest of the people. Emily Brontà «, author of Wuthering Heights, was a copy of her siblings and therefore used her extreme passion for learning and teaching to set herself apart from her siblings. In the novel, Wuthering Heights, Brontà « creates many similar characters but differentiate between them solely on their mental capacity. Growing up in a household of writers and artists, Emily Brontà « felt like a copy of her siblings and therefore used Gnosticism asRead MoreEmily Bronte s Wuthering Heights1384 Words   |  6 Pages Emily Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Wuthering Heights is not only one of the most widely read books in English but it also encourages different critical approaches. One of the most interesting approaches is the psychoanalytical approach in this circumstance. Through the entirety of this book it is understood that childho od has an impact on adult life, â€Å"psychological history that begins in childhood experiences in the family and each with patterns of adolescent and adult behavior that are the direct result of thatRead MoreEmily Bronte s Wuthering Heights1814 Words   |  8 PagesTitle: Wuthering Heights Author: Emily Brontà « Date of Publication: 1847 Genre: Gothic Romance / Fiction Biographical information about the author Emily Jane Brontà « (born 30 July, 1818 | Died December, 19, 1848) was born in Thorton. She was one of six Bronte children; she kept to herself usually and was unusually quiet. In 1835 she briefly attend Miss Wooler’s school at Roe Head. Around 1837 Emily taught at Law Hill School. In 1842 she and Charlotte studied in Brussels. Historical information aboutRead MoreEmily Bronte s Wuthering Heights1182 Words   |  5 PagesHarsh, wild and unforgiving; the Yorkshire moors on which Emily Brontà « played, provided the backdrop and catalyst of turmoil in her most tragic book Wuthering Heights. Born in 1818 in rural England, Haworth she lived in the heart of these wild, desolate expanses which provided her an escape where she truly felt at home and where her imagination flourished. Along with her sisters and brother, the Brontà « children in their pastimes would often create stories and poems largely based on their playfulRead MoreEmily Bronte s Wuthering Heights1144 Words   |  5 PagesTitle: Wuthering Heights Author: Emily Bronte Main Characters (Protagonist/Antagonist), Title, Traits: Heathcliff: Antagonist, morose, cruel, vengeful, sullen, brought in by Mr. Earnshaw. Treated badly by Hindley, Catherine’s brother. He falls in love with Catherine and loves her after her death. Catherine nee Earnshaw Linton: protagonist of the story. She’s childish, immature, spiteful, ignorant and arrogant. Beautiful, free spirited, mischievous. In love with Heathcliff and she dies halfwayRead MoreAnalysis Of Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights 1589 Words   |  7 PagesReading Analysis Wuthering Heights Tramel – 2nd period November 4, 2016 Introduction The self-consuming nature of passion is mutually destructive and tragic. The gothic Victorian novel, Wuthering Heights, was written by Emily Bronte and published in 1847 where Bronte challenges ideas of religious hypocrisy, social classes, gender inequality and mortality. Wuthering Heights was first ill received being too much removed from the ordinary reality in the mid-nineteenth-century; however, Emily Bronte’s novelRead MoreAnalysis Of Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights 2133 Words   |  9 PagesKimberly Boots Ms. Loomis AP Literature and Composition 16 January 2015 The Meaning Behind It All Emily Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Wuthering Heights is not only one of the most widely read books in America, but it also encourages different critical approaches. One of the most interesting approaches is the psychoanalytical approach in this circumstance. Through the entirety of this book it is understood that defending oneself in different ways is a way to escape the stresses of reality. â€Å"Our unconscious desiresRead MoreAnalysis Of Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights 3443 Words   |  14 PagesRRS Wuthering Heights Title: Wuthering Heights Publication Date: 1847 Author: Emily Bronte Nationality: English Author’s Birth/Death dates: July 30, 1818 – December 19, 1848 Distinguishing traits of the author: Emily Bronte, otherwise known as Ellis Bell, had many siblings growing up in the isolated town of Thornton, Yorkshire. One of which was Charlotte Brontà « author of the masterpiece, Jane Eyre. At the time of their publishment Jan Eyre was known as the superior book but over time Wuthering HeightsRead MoreThe Uncanny And Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights1746 Words   |  7 PagesAssessment 1: Critical Commentary Freud’s The Uncanny and Emily Brontà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Wuthering Heights The principal idea in Sigmund Freud’s interpretation of The Uncanny theory centres around the Heimlich, translating to ‘homely’ and thus, what is familiar, and the Unheimlich, which is often translated to what is ‘Uncanny’ defined as ‘what is [†¦] frightening precisely because it is not known and familiar’ (Freud, 1919) or later described as something that is ‘secretly familiar which has undergone repression’Read MoreEmily Bronte s Wuthering Heights1693 Words   |  7 PagesUnfortunate Events Emily Bronte, a highly esteemed and imaginative writer, is the mastermind behind the novel Wuthering Heights. When Bronte was very young, her mother passed away from a serious, untreatable sickness. After her death, Branwell, Bronte’s older brother, took care of the children (Pettingell). Her brother, a poet and painter, turned to an alcoholic and drug abuser was responsible for the children as they all grew up together. He was irrational and never treated Emily and her sisters the

Minor members of the solar system Free Essays

Asteroids are small rocky bodies that have been likened to â€Å"flying mountains. † The largest, Ceres, is about 1000 kilometers in diameter, but most are only about 1 kilometer across. The smallest asteroids are assumed to be no larger than grains of sand. We will write a custom essay sample on Minor members of the solar system or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most asteroids lie between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. They have orbital periods of three to six years. Some asteroids have very eccentric orbits and travel very close to the sun, and a few larger ones regularly pass close to Earth and the moon. Many of the most recent impact craters on the moon and Earth were probably caused by collisions with asteroids. Many asteroids have irregular shapes. Because of this, planetary geologists first speculated that they might be fragments of a broken planet that once orbited between Mars and Jupiter. Others have hypothesized that several larger bodies once coexisted in close proximity, and their collisions produced numerous smaller ones. The existence of several families of asteroids has been used to support this explanation. COMETS Comets are the shining wanderers of the solar system. With their glowing tails that may stretch 100 million kilometers through space. Most comets reside in the outer fringes of the solar system, far beyond Pluto. For all their apparent size in the sky, comets are actually fairly small objects. When a comet begins its trip down past the Sun, it is probably a chunk of â€Å"dirty ice,† a mixture of rock dust and ice a few kilometers across, much smaller than the typical observed asteroid. As it speeds towards the Sun, the heat from the Sun evaporates the ice, and the gases thus released blow dust particles outward from the solid body or nucleus. Radiation from the Sun ionizes the released atoms, producing a tail that glows in the sky like a neon sign; the dust particles reflect sunlight and form another, smoother tail. But not all develop a tail that extends for millions of kilometers. The fact that the tail of a comet points away from the sun in a slightly curved manner led early astronomers to propose that the sun has a repulsive force that pushes the particles of the coma away, thus forming the tail. The tails seem white to the eye, but color photography reveals that the ionized gas tail is blue and the dust tail yellow. The small nucleus, the only even near-permanent part of a comet, is surrounded by the coma or head of the comet, a large, hazy structure formed by the liberated gas and dust. Of the 100 billion comets that may exist, less than 1000 have been observed thus far as they make the long Journey down to the heat of the Sun. Halley’s is one of the best-known and brightest comets others are the Oort cloud which are comets that appear to be distributed in all directions trom the sun, torming a spherical shell around the solar system. METEOROIDS Often referred to as a â€Å"shooting star. This streak of light occurs when a meteoroid enters the Earth’s atmosphere. A meteoroid is a small solid particle that travels through space. Most meteoroids originate from any one of the following three sources: (1) Interplanetary debris that was not gravitationally swept up by the planets during the formation of the solar system (2) Material from the asteroid belt, (3) The solid remains of comets that once traveled near Earth’s orbit. A few meteoroids are believed to be fragments of the moon, or possibly Mars, that were ejected when an asteroid impacted these bodies. Some meteoroids are as large as steroids. Most, however, are the size of sand grains. Consequently, they vaporize before reaching Earth’s surface. Those that do enter Earth’s atmosphere and burn up are called meteors. The light that we see is caused by friction between the particle and the air, which produces heat. Occasionally, meteor sightings can reach 60 or more per hour. These displays, called meteor showers, result when earth encounters a swarm of meteoroids traveling in the same direction and at nearly the same speed as Earth. A meteoroid that actually reaches Earth’s surface is called a meteorite. How to cite Minor members of the solar system, Papers

Vocational Placement for Sociological and Cultural Factors

Question: Discuss about theVocational Placement for Sociological and Cultural Factors. Answer: Sociological and cultural factors are among the major factors which affect the performance of any organization (Bitektine, 2011, pp. 151-179). As an employee of a certain health organization, sociological and cultural factors have been among the major factors which affect us as the employees, the management of the organization, the clients of the organization, and the general performance of the entire health organization. In this report, we shall analyze how sociological and cultural factors affect the clients in the community work and services. For effective analysis of our query, we shall use a research-based approach to determine how sociological and cultural affect the clients in the community work and services. To collect the required data, we shall use observation method, analyze various policies and procedures of the organization, examine the website of the organization, and ask various questions concerning the sociological and cultural factors affecting the organization (Bova and Mina, 2014). The questions will be asked orally, and the questionnaire method will be used to some members with speaking/hearing problems or those who dont like answering oral interviews (Gillham, 2008). The responses obtained will help us to know the effects of sociological and cultural factors on this health organization and other organizations in general. After collecting the data using the methods mentioned above, we obtained the following responses: Various sociological and cultural factors are very important in the performance of the organization. For example, cultural diversity has incorporated different skills and creativity from different ethnicities which have helped to improve the performance of the organization. This organization has tried to incorporate various sociological and cultural aspects to enhance its performance. For instance, it has employed highly educated and qualified employees for professional jobs and has also employed manual workers who dont have higher education qualifications for manual jobs. The organization follows stipulated policies and procedures which define that the employees of the organization should never be discriminated by their race, color, gender, religion, education level, or any other social or cultural factor. These policies and procedures have helped to enhance the services offered by the organization. The policies of the organization against the discrimination of the workers are in line with the national policies and rules against discrimination of various people by their social and cultural differences. We have different social and cultural differences as employees of the same organization. We should forget our social and cultural differences and work like brothers and sisters to live together in harmony (Moran, Abramsom, and Sarah, 2014). This has always been my approach to dealing with social and cultural differences in my daily life encounters. This organization has tried its best to address the clients social and cultural issues. It should make sure it treats all the clients of different social and cultural differences equally in all the aspects of its operation for it to enjoy maximum benefits from different social groups and cultures. Client support In our data collection process, we came across many respondents most of which were the clients of this health organization. In this section, we shall analyze the socio-cultural information of three different clients who we came across. The different socio-cultural information of the clients is shown in the table below: Client Socio-cultural information Way information was gathered Response (information or service) 1 Age Using oral interview method 75 years 2 Gender Using observation method Female 3 Education level Using questionnaire method Bachelors level The data of the first client was obtained using an oral interview which was conducted within the compound of the health organization. The socio-cultural information under consideration was the age of the client, and it was realized that the client was 75 years of age. The other socio-economic under consideration was the gender for the second client. The second client was a female which could be told through direct observation method. The third and the last socio-cultural information under consideration was the education level of the client. From the questionnaire method, the third respondent (client) was determined to have a bachelors level of education. The results of all the three respondents whose socio-economic data was corrected is tabulated in the table above. The different socio-economic information of all the three different clients discussed above is a clear indicator that this health organization gives medical attention to all the clients regardless of their differences in the socio-economic status. Workplace communication strategies In any organization, it is always good to have good communication skills especially towards the clients or customers who play a great part to enhance the performance and prosperity of the organization (Nicotera and Putnam, 2009). As an employee of this organization, I also need to improve my communication skills and be very cautious especially when dealing with the clients. The manager of the organization has excellent communication skills and uses a courtesy in all his communications regardless of who he is talking to. Being polite and observing courtesy is very important for any organization as it helps the clients to feel appreciated and will always come to the organization again (Jacobson, 2009). Courtesy and politeness is not only needed when talking to the clients but also when having your discussions in different groups as workers. Good communication skills are very important and advantageous. I remember a time when we were discussing within the workplace, and the good communication skills full of politeness and courtesy of one of our group members who was addressing us earned him a promotion in the job place. Managers need to have very good communication skills for them to manage the employees and other clients effectively (Whetten and Cameron, 2014). In this organization, feedback is always given in written form or may be given orally at times. When giving orally, it is required to be very cautious, polite, audible, and clear to make sure the client gets the feedback as required. Courtesy, politeness, audibility, and clarity are among the main requirements of effective communication (DeVito, 2015). This means all the workers of the organization; I included, should improv e their communication skills to be very clear, audible, polite, and courteous. Good communication skills are well stipulated in the organizations policies and procedures and should be followed strictly. Development and implementation of service programs I interacted with various clients within and out the health organization. I found that most of the common problem on health issues were going to the health centers which are located a bit far from the homes of most people. This was a major problem especially for the elderly who did not have some young people taking care of them. I decided to visit the elderly and concentrate on their health status since the elderly are the most prone to different illnesses (Mackowiak and Liang, 2007, pp.441-456). I engaged them in in face to face discussions which could help me to know their health problems. Our organization has set aside a special program which looks the health affairs of the elderly (70+ years) in a special way. Our health officers have the records of all the elderly and visit them at least once every month to check their health conditions and offer any medical assistance where necessary. The visits are usually full of health lessons and some treatments where necessary to enhance the lives and the health status of the elderly (Haboubi and Ahmed, 2010, pp.207-216). As an employee of this health organization, Im one of the people given the responsibilities of visiting various special groups within the community to check their health conditions. I do communicate with the special people to know their health conditions and report my findings to the management team of the health organization for them to take the necessary measures. The major problems I encounter in my work is lack of cooperation by some members of the community. Some people refuse to disclose their health information to strangers, and this makes the task very hard. I am forced to leave such members unattended and deal with those who give their health conditions for assistance. Our work, as a health organization complies with the legal framework and offers high-quality medical services to the elderly and the other people in general. As an organization, we use drugs and other health products which have been accepted by various legal bodies of the country. The program has been very effective as it has managed to help thousands of elderly and other people with some special health needs. We have also got databases with the health data of most of the elderly and other people with special health requirements which has enhanced the medical services we offer to them and the other people in general. Health databases of the people are very necessary for any health organization as they enhance the storage of the peoples health data which simplifies the treatment processes (McLafferty, and Sara, 2011). Skills and knowledge activity Action The program of visiting different groups with different health requirements was meant to improve the health conditions of the people in those special groups. It would also help to improve my relationship with them and the relationships among themselves as different groups could meet, in my presence, and share some health tips in different health seminars which we organized. As the leader and the organizer of the health seminars, I made sure I got the health data of every client which I could forward to the organizations management team. In the seminars, I could also offer some education about good health and offer them with some health materials such as health journals and handouts which were issued by the health organizations. The major problem with the seminars was absenteeism of some people, but I would always tell the members present to make sure they encourage their friends to come as the seminar is very important in their health status. The seminars were supported by my health organization and other health organizations, and they could give some health materials which I was supposed to share with the clients. The seminar meetings were organized in compliance with the legal framework (law) and all the health materials and other materials given in the meetings were authorized by the law. All the feedback which could be concerning health issues, general comments, or any other feedback was given to the health organizations which were the main sponsors of the health seminars. The seminar helped to improve the health conditions of the people. At long last, very many people benefited from the program by getting treatment from the supporting health organizations. Health seminars are very educative and help to improve the health conditions of people (Scandurra, Isabella, and Koch, 2008, pp.557--569). References Bitektine, A., 2011. Toward a theory of social judgments of organizations: The case of legitimacy, reputation, and status. Academy of Management Review, 36(1), pp. 151-179. Bova, S. and Mina, S., 2014. Data-collection methods. Nursing Research in Canada-E-Book: Methods, Critical Appraisal, and Utilization, p. 287. DeVito, J., 2015. The interpersonal communication book. s.l.:Pearson. Gillham, B., 2008. Developing a Questionnaire. 2nd ed. London: Continuum International Publishing group. Haboubi, T. and Ahmed, N., 2010. Assessment and management of nutrition in older people and its importance to health. Clinical Interventions in Aging, Volume 5, pp. 207-216. Jacobson, K., 2009. Communication Skills for Conservation Professionals. 2nd ed. London: Island Express. Mackowiak, S. and Liang, P., 2007. Infections in the Elderly. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 23(2), pp. 441-456. McLafferty, C. and Sara, L., 2011. GIS and Public Health. 2nd ed. New York: The Guilford Press. Nicotera, M. and Putnam, L., 2009. Building Theories of Organization: The Constitutive Role of Communication. 1st ed. New York: Routledge. Moran, T., Abramsom, N. and Sarah, M., 2014. Managing Cultural Differences. 9th ed. New York: Routledge. Scandurra, S., Isabella, and Koch, M., 2008. From user needs to system specifications: Multi-disciplinary thematic seminars as a collaborative design method for development of health information systems. Journal of biomedical informatics, 41(4), pp. 557--569. Whetten, D. and Cameron, K., 2014. Developing Management Skills: Global Edition. s.l.:Pearson Higher Ed.

Proposal to Increase Police Numbers to Reduce UAEs Juvenile Crime Rate

Abstract The cases of juvenile crimes have arisen so much in the UAE that it is now considered as a public crisis. Some of the causes for the rise in juvenile crime rates in the region include: parental neglect and drug abuse among other factors.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Proposal to Increase Police Numbers to Reduce UAE’s Juvenile Crime Rate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The most effective way to deal with the problem is to increase the numbers of the police officers especially in the parts where the problem is most rampant. The proposed strategy is actually less expensive taking into account the damages caused by juvenile criminal activities. Introduction There has been a sharp rise in juvenile delinquency in the UAE in the last two decades. For instance, the juvenile crime rate rose by 33% in 2009 alone; the increase should be a great concern since most of the youths carry the crimes into ad ulthood. It is now evident that more young people than adults in the UAE are increasingly becoming violent and difficult to control (Abiad and Mansoor 303). Unfortunately, the juvenile justice system has been slow at responding, and the measures that it has put in place to deal with the problem are neither sufficient nor effective in dealing with the crisis (Abiad and Mansoor 304). Burfeind and Bartusch argue that more teenagers than adults commit serious violent offences (65). For that reason, the criminal justice system in the AUAE needs to divert its attention to the juveniles more than it does with the adults. The best way to deal with the juvenile delinquency problem is hiring more police officers, who should be allowed to arrest and arraign the young people who commit violent crimes in adult courts (Siegel and Wesh 307). This paper proposes employment of more police officers to help deal with the problem of the rise in juvenile crimes in the UAE. Methodology Based on scholarly evidence, this paper proposes increasing police number in the UAE to assist in reducing the juvenile crime rate in the region. The effectiveness of the policing strategy in reducing juvenile crime rate is a topic that has been discussed by many scholars; it is available in several literatures, including peer-reviewed studies.Advertising Looking for proposal on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, this proposal will rely on literature review to obtain the relevant information about the topic. Several literatures will be evaluated to ensure that the data obtained is reliable and valid. The fact that there are several scholars who have addressed the problem shows that there is sufficient information about the problem. The information obtained in the literature review will be used to outline the causes of the rise in juvenile crime rates, the most effective strategy that can help the government to deal with the problem, the importance of using the proposed strategy, and the consequences of not implementing it. Discussion Causes of Rise in Juvenile Crime Rate in the UAE There are several factors that have led to the increased juvenile crime rates in the UAE. Firstly, most of the juveniles commit criminal activities as a result of lower intelligence, which is worsened by lack of a proper education (Abiad and Mansoor 304). The young people who are both unintelligent and uneducated get involved in anti-social activities as a result of uncontrolled aggressive and impulsive behavior. These kinds of young people are also unable to delay gratification, which motivates them to get involved in illegal activities just to get what they want in life (Siegel 240). Secondly, many young people in the UAE have turned to abusing drugs, which makes them vulnerable to committing criminal offences even without their knowledge. Most juvenile offenders in the UAE use very powerful drugs such as coc aine and bhang. Researchers reveal that the use of illegal drugs is the most serious cause of the rise in juvenile delinquency in the UAE; for instance, Siegel and Wesh argue that a big number of juveniles who use alcohol often fall victim to juvenile crime (308). Thirdly, most families have neglected their children and they don’t care about their children’s behavior or the groups they associate with. The lack of good parental care, child abuse and constant parental conflicts are also other factors that push the juveniles to engage in criminal activities. Some of the juveniles also engage in criminal offences as a result of their parent’s lack of social norms and defiance of the main laws (Siegel 241).Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Proposal to Increase Police Numbers to Reduce UAE’s Juvenile Crime Rate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lastly, the UAE police service has for a long time overlooked the juvenile crimes; sometimes they regard the crimes as negligible. The police service has constantly directed most of its efforts to dealing with adult crimes (Siegel 241). The young people have taken advantage of the police’s assumption to commit criminal offences as much as they please (Siegel and Wesh 307). How to Deal with the Rise in Juvenile Crime Rate in the UAE Although there could be other strategies of dealing with the rise in juvenile crime rate in the UAE, the most effective one would be to hire more police officers. The extra police officers could be used to create a special branch in the police service whose mandate will be purely be to deal with the case of juvenile offenders (Siegel 243). The implementation of the proposed strategy will cost the UAE government a significant amount of money. The implementation involves hiring more police officers, training the hired recruits, and providing them with the necessary equipment to enable them carr y out their duty. The implementation expenses will also require the government to avail other funds, which will be used to pay the officers’ salaries and to build residential houses for them. The implementation process is likely to cost the government of the UAE a total sum of $8 million. The total amount will include: $1 million that will be used to pay the officers who will be carrying out the recruitment, $1.5 million for training the recruited individuals, $3.5 million that will be used to pay the salaries of the newly employed police officers, and $2 million that will be used to build residential houses for the new officers. Summary of the Budget Description Estimated Amount in 000,000$ Wages of Hiring Officers 1 Training the Recruits 1.5 Salaries for New Officers 3.5 Building new houses 2 Total 8 Importance of Implementing the Proposed Strategy The benefits that will come with the implementation of the proposed strategy surpass the costs that will be inc urred during the implementation process. The destruction that the juveniles cause in the region through their involvement in criminal activities is just too much and cannot be compared to the implementation cost (Burfeind and Bartusch 66).Advertising Looking for proposal on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The setting of the special branch will certainly improve the police’s functions in relation to juvenile cases. The proposed strategy will enhance the way police officers are expected to do patrols, investigations and other special operations (Elrod and Ryder 155). Police patrol is one of the main strategies that law enforcement uses to control crime in the UAE. When more police officers are employed and the extra number assigned to look into the juvenile issues, they will help in making the patrol more effective. Since most juveniles are neither stubborn nor repeat offenders, putting more police officers on patrol is likely to deter them from engaging in criminal offences such break and enter. In addition, the more the police numbers on patrol, the more arrests that will be made; consequently, more juvenile offenders will be arraigned in the UAE courts (Siegel 240). The employment of extra police officers is also expected to see more intense investigation and rehabilitation o f the young offenders. The increase in juvenile crime rates to an extent has been caused by slow investigation due to the lack of enough detectives. When police numbers are increased in the region, there will enough detectives to speed up the investigations involving juvenile cases (Elrod and Ryder 155). The extra police officers could also offer other special programs such as rehabilitation to less serious juvenile crimes. Such special programs are known to reduce juvenile crime rates, especially those that are caused by the lack of good parental care (Elrod and Ryder 156). Conclusion The ever rising cases of juvenile crimes in the UAE region are now a great concern for the UAE government. The rise in juvenile crime rates in the region has been caused by among other factors, parental neglect, family conflicts and child abuse, drug abuse and lack of a good education. However, the problem can be effectively dealt with by increasing the number of police officers. The implementation of the proposed strategy is actually less expensive when compared to the damages caused by the juvenile’s involvement in criminal activities. The proposed program will cost the government close to $8 million. Works Cited Abiad, Nisrine, and Farkhanda Zia Mansoor. Criminal Law and the Rights of the Child in Muslim States: A Comparative and Analytical Perspective. London: British Institute of International and Comparative Law, 2010. Print. Burfeind, James W., and Dawn Jeglum Bartusch. Juvenile Delinquency: An Integrated Approach. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2011. Print. Elrod, Preston, and Scott Ryder. Juvenile Justice: A Social, Historical, and Legal Perspective. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2011. Print. Siegel, Larry. Introduction to Criminal Justice. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2010. Print. Siegel, Larry, and Brandon Wesh. Juvenile Delinquency: The Core. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning, 2011. Print. This proposal on Proposal to Increase Police Numbers to Reduce UAE’s Juvenile Crime Rate was written and submitted by user Johnathan Knight to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Biography of Jose Maria Morelos, Mexican Revolutionary

Biography of Jose Maria Morelos, Mexican Revolutionary Josà © Marà ­a Morelos (September 30, 1765–December 22, 1815) was a Mexican priest and revolutionary. He was in overall military command of Mexico’s Independence movement in 1811-1815 before the Spanish captured, tried, and executed him. He is considered one of the greatest heroes of Mexico and countless things are named after him, including the Mexican state of Morelos and the city of Morelia. Fast Facts: Jose Maria Morelos Known For: Priest and rebel leader in the war for Mexican independenceAlso Known As: Josà © Marà ­a Teclo Morelos Pà ©rez y Pavà ³nBorn: September 30, 1765 in Valladolid,  Michoacn,  New SpainParents: Josà © Manuel Morelos y Robles, Juana Marà ­a Guadalupe Pà ©rez Pavà ³nDied: December 22, 1815  in San Cristà ³bal Ecatepec,  State of Mà ©xicoEducation: Colegio de San Nicols Obispo in Valladolid, Seminario Tridentino in Valladolid, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicols de HidalgoAwards and Honors:  The Mexican state of  Morelos  and city of  Morelia  are named after him, and his picture is on the 50-peso noteSpouse: Brà ­gida Almonte (mistress; Morelos was a priest and could not marry)Children: Juan Nepomuceno AlmonteNotable Quote: May slavery be banished forever together with the distinction between castes, all remaining equal, so Americans may only be distinguished by vice or virtue. Early Life Josà © Marà ­a was born into a lower-class family (his father was a carpenter) in the city of Valladolid in 1765. He worked as a farm hand, muleteer, and menial laborer until entering the seminary. The director of his school was none other than Miguel Hidalgo (leader of the Mexican revolution) who must have left an impression on the young Morelos. He was ordained as a priest in 1797 and served in the towns of Churumuco and Carcuaro. His career as a priest was solid and he enjoyed the favor of his superiors. Unlike Hidalgo, he showed no propensity for dangerous thoughts before the revolution of 1810. Morelos and Hidalgo On September 16, 1810, Hidalgo issued the famous Cry of Dolores to kick off Mexicos struggle for independence. Hidalgo was soon joined by others, including former royal officer Ignacio Allende, and together they raised an army of liberation. Morelos made his way to the rebel army and met with Hidalgo, who made him a lieutenant and ordered him to raise an army in the south and march on Acapulco. They went their separate ways after the meeting. Hidalgo would get close to Mexico City but was eventually defeated at the Battle of Calderon Bridge, captured shortly thereafter, and executed for treason. Morelos, however, was just getting started. Morelos Takes up Arms Ever the proper priest, Morelos coolly informed his superiors that he was joining the rebellion so that they could appoint a replacement. He began rounding up men and marching west. Unlike Hidalgo, Morelos preferred a small, well-armed, well-disciplined army that could move fast and strike without warning. He would often reject recruits who worked the fields, telling them instead to raise food to feed the army in the days to come. By November, he had an army of 2,000 men and on November 12, he occupied the medium-sized town of Aguacatillo, near Acapulco. Morelos in 1811-1812 Morelos was crushed to learn of the capture of Hidalgo and Allende in early 1811. Still, he fought on, laying an abortive siege to Acapulco before taking the city of Oaxaca in December of 1812. Meanwhile, politics had entered the struggle for Mexican independence in the form of a Congress presided over by Ignacio Là ³pez Rayà ³n, once a member of Hidalgos inner circle. Morelos was often in the field but always had representatives at the meetings of Congress, where they pushed on his behalf for formal independence, equal rights for all Mexicans, and continued privilege of the Catholic Church in Mexican affairs. The Spanish Strike Back By 1813, the Spanish had finally organized a response to the Mexican insurgents. Felix Calleja, the general who had defeated Hidalgo at the Battle of Calderon Bridge, was made Viceroy, and he pursued an aggressive strategy of quashing the rebellion. He divided and conquered the pockets of resistance in the north before turning his attention to Morelos and the south. Celleja moved into the south in force, capturing towns and executing prisoners. In December of 1813, the insurgents lost a key battle at Valladolid and were put on the defensive. Morelos’ Beliefs Morelos felt a true connection to his people, and they loved him for it. He fought to remove all class and race distinctions. He was one of the first true Mexican nationalists and he had a vision of a unified, free Mexico, whereas many of his contemporaries had closer allegiances to cities or regions. He differed from Hidalgo in many key ways: he did not allow churches or the homes of allies to be looted and actively sought support among Mexico’s wealthy Creole upper class. Ever the priest, he believed it was God’s will that Mexico should be a free, sovereign nation: the revolution became almost a holy war for him. Death By early 1814, the rebels were on the run. Morelos was an inspired guerrilla commander, but the Spanish had him outnumbered and outgunned. The insurgent Mexican Congress was constantly moving, trying to stay one step ahead of the Spanish. In November of 1815, the Congress was on the move again and Morelos was assigned to escort it. The Spanish caught them at Tezmalaca and a battle ensued. Morelos bravely held off the Spanish while the Congress escaped, but he was captured during the fighting. He was sent to Mexico City in chains. There, he was tried, excommunicated, and executed on December 22. Legacy Morelos was the right man at the right time. Hidalgo started the revolution, but his animosity toward the upper classes and his refusal to rein in the rabble that made up his army eventually caused more problems than they solved. Morelos, on the other hand, was a true man of the people, charismatic and devout. He had a more constructive vision than Hidalgo and exuded a palpable belief in a better tomorrow with equality for all Mexicans. Morelos was an interesting mixture of the best characteristics of Hidalgo and Allende and was the perfect man to carry the torch they had dropped. Like Hidalgo, he was very charismatic and emotional, and like Allende, he preferred a small, well-trained army over a massive, angry horde. He notched up several key victories and ensured that the revolution would live on with or without him. After his capture and execution, two of his lieutenants, Vicente Guerrero and Guadalupe Victoria, carried on the fight. Morelos is greatly honored today in Mexico. The state of Morelos and city of Morelia are named after him, as are a major stadium, countless streets and parks, and even a couple of communications satellites. His image has appeared on several bills and coins throughout Mexicos history. His remains are interred at the Column of Independence in Mexico City, along with other national heroes. Sources Estrada Michel, Rafael. Josà © Marà ­a Morelos. Mexico City: Planeta Mexicana, 2004Harvey, Robert. Liberators: Latin Americas Struggle for Independence. Woodstock: The Overlook Press, 2000.Lynch, John. The Spanish American Revolutions 1808-1826. New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1986.

Training skill Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Training skill - Assignment Example On the contrary as much as the leader is perceived as the person who is well informed there is always room to learn (Bowell, Pamela & Brian, 20). The second role of a trainer requires an individual to portray confidence in what is presented to the trainees. The most significant trait is always believing in one self and the individuals in training. It follows through that communication plays a vital role is to ensure there is a clear path followed towards achieving the goals that have been set. Proper instructions lead to proper execution of tasks (Bowell et al, 22). The two roles am prepared to participate in relate to each other in such a way that communication skills is imperative. These roles can apply in a job situation, family and the community in general. Both roles require an individual to possess the ability to give instructions that do not always receive negative critic from those who receive it, by giving them a chance to participate in decision making. Standing firm by the words uttered is imperative to these roles because, they determine whether an individual will have the ability to command a given segment of individuals or not. Furthermore, a situation is controlled by an individual’s ability to master it (Bowell et al,

Changes Brought by Occupiers Liability Act to the Common Law Essay

Changes Brought by Occupiers Liability Act to the Common Law - Essay Example The common law of negligence initially applied in cases relating to those who suffered damages while in one’s premise. However, this was to the extent that the claimant proved that a duty of care was owed to him or her under the common law of negligence. However, the common law of negligence had inconsistencies owing to differences in court rulings under the similar set of facts. It also proved less relaxed in holding the owners of premises liable, often for lack of duty of care, more so to visitors and trespassers. These formed the foundation of a legislative intervention The Occupiers liability Acts being enacted. As of now, the law concerning such liability in the United Kingdoms is mostly found in the Occupiers Liability Act 1957 (regarding visitors) while that regarding the non-visitors is largely found Occupiers Liability Act 1984. In as much as the law to a large extent codified common law, the cases have to be relied upon in determining the meaning of â€Å"occupierâ €  and the line between a â€Å"visitor† and a â€Å"trespasser† or a non visitor. According to the Occupiers Liability Act 1957 the occupier only owes a duty of care to the lawful visitors. This duty is similarly owed to the lawfully visitors either to or to on the premise. It is worth noting that the occupiers rather than the owners of the premise retain the liability to compensate the victims injured on the premises as a result of their dangerous state. Sufficient or effective degree of control is used to determine the occupation of the premise. For that reason, one must not necessarily need to be the actual owner of a premise for him or her to be considered the occupier. He may owe the duty if he exercises a substantial extent of control in which case he owes this duty to all lawful visitors with the only exceptions specified in the agreement. The Occupiers’ Liability Act 1984 does not imposes this duty of care on the occupier towards the visitors of the premises; rather it is towards the non visitors, essentially understood as a trespasser. A trespasser for that matter is anybody who goes into the land in another person’s possession intentionally without obtaining a lawful authorization. Taking an example of a theatre, any member of the public who happens to be admitted there is a visitor and the occupier of the theatre owes them a duty of care. The theatre ticket they are issued with serves a license which bears with it an agreement not to be revoked till the end of the performance. As such this is a sufficient authorization (Hurst v Picture Theatres Ltd (1915) 1 KB 1 CA). The extent of liability was traditionally based on whether or not one was a visitor. The question asked then is, who is a visitor? Generally speaking, at common law it was important to know the difference between licensees, invitees and the premise

National Express rejects takeover bid from First Group (Financial Research Proposal

National Express rejects takeover bid from First Group (Financial Times, 29 June 2009) - Research Proposal Example 1.2 billion pounds to banks (Gill, 2009, p 1). The United Kingdom government has also complicated National Express financial woes by the government refusal to renegotiate the conditions for its East Coast rail franchise with the transport business. The hard-line position adopted by the government is attributed to East Coast rail franchise being the most lucrative in the United Kingdom serving the United Kingdom commercial hubs such as Edinburg and London. Besides, citing the government role in its financial crisis, National Express board also cited its quest to solve the ?1.2 billion debt as its first priority before reconsidering the bailout from FirstGroup limited. In, addition, National Express board viewed FirstGroup as their rival in the transport business and thus postulated a sellout of the company to FirstGroup as surrender to a business enemy. National Express boards were thus eager to retain the legacy of their company’s in the transport industry (Miller, 2011, p 85) . Despite, the rejection of FirstGroup offer, acquisition and acquisition provide the best bailout opportunity and option to rescue National Express from the current financial hardships. This research thus draws on the case sturdy of National Express and FirstGroup to rationalize on the best solution to solve a corporate organization financial solution. This involves an analogy acquisition and acquisition as a financial solution with other financial crisis solution mechanisms recommended in fiance and accounting. The research establishes higher financial crisis solution rationality from acquisition and acquisition formulated financial solution compared to other possible and readily available financial and accounting options. Literature Review An acquisition mimics government bailout to corporations during financial crisis. The similarity between acquisitions and acquisition is evident in the supply of a large amount of money to the corporation under financial crisis, which is subseq uently used to pay its bankruptcy threatening debts. These facts are manifest in the proposed acquisition between National Express and FirstGroup, whereby Nation Express was offered a large sum of money by FirstGroup to pay its 1.2 billion debts. The ?1.2 billion proposed buyout of National Express is comparative to the government’s financial bailout to financial corporation during the 2007-2008 global financial crises (Milmo, 2009, p 1). In United States, the government acquisition styled bailout totaled $13.9 trillion leading the government bailout to be considered as more of an acquisition buyout of the financial stricken institutions than a rescue bailout package (Birdsall & Fukuyama, 2011, p 31). Acquisitions and acquisition of financial stricken corporations is also licked to the nationalization of finically poor performing or financially endangered businesses by the government (Finkelstein & Cooper, 2010, p 116). The same financial crisis incident illustrates the role of nationalization which mimics acquisition and acquisitions in the rescue of financial institutions from bankruptcy during economic downturns. A typical example of this financial rescue strategy is illustrated by the nationalization of the Northern Rock Bank in the United Kingdom at the verge of its bankruptcy during the financial crises. The Northern Rock Bank case also illustrates the irrationality of the hard-line position by a corporation board or the corporate organization stakeholders,

Federalism uneven regional Development

Federalism uneven regional Development The pursuit to bring together both the goals of regional and national development in multinational countries gave rise to federalism. This is used to describe a system of government in which the sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and constituent political units like states or provinces. A federal entity is characterised by harmony, conflict, satisfaction and dissatisfaction. (Pritam) Regional development is the provision of aid and other assistance to regions which are facilitated by the national pattern of development. It is likely to lead to a successful and strengthened federation and at the other end, will cause the federation strain in the neglect of a region or a region being sacrificed for the sake of national development. This according to pritam, is as a result of the necessity to centralise control over the utilisation of resources or because of the necessity to transfer resources from one region to the other. (Schoenfield et al cited in Pritam Federalism and development attracts more scholarly attention where federations fail or are in crisis than when they are successful (pritam page 1). Federations as it is, represents some of the largest national entities in the world which includes countries like india, china, Mexico, Brazil, Canada, Great Britain, France, Italy, United states, Argentina, Germany, Venezuela, Pakistanm, South Africa and Nigeria. Pre-second world war federations like USA, Australia, Canada, and Switzerland have been noted as cases of successful federal entities despite Canada having some crisis in its Quebec region. (PRITAM PAGE 2). Contrary to this, some failed federal entities include Pakistan, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia; Ethiopia has been split into independent nation states (pritam page 2). Other federal entities such as Nigeria and sudan in Africa, india and Sri Lanka in Asia, spain in Europe have felt a high level of tension in theor federal political arrangement(birch 1989, pritam pg 2) Instances of lessening regional inequality and stressing regional inequality have acted as a medium for regions to feel dissatisfied with federal arrangements (pritam pg 2). A situation whereby regional inequalities are accompanied by conflicts of ethnicity and nationalism, the relationship of a region to the federal centre becomes more conflict ridden.(pritam pg2). The most likely cases of regional conflict with the federal centre are likely to be those where the regions because of its relative economic backwardness, feels dissatisfied with prevailing structure of the economic relations with the centre.(pritam pg 2) Uneven regional development is a universal phenomenon with its presence found in almost all large countries, be it a developing or developed country. The problem of regional inequality that results from uneven development is of interest for a variety of reasons. First, the issue of regional disparity is a problem of economic growth. If all regions had grown at the same pace, there would be no income differences between regions in the first place. Even if regional gaps exist, as long as poor regions are able to grow faster than rich ones, the former would converge with the latter and the initial differences would thereby disappear in due course. To find the root causes of regional inequality, we have to trace the long term growth paths of different regions in the national economy and to understand the dynamics of regional growth. Second, regional disparity is an ethical issue. Less the process of economic development is intrinsically even, society is always confronted with the fundamental contradiction between ethically motivated efforts to establish socio economic parity in space and the economically more advantageous strategy of letting inequality increase, as long as it makes the whole economy grow faster. No one denies the importance of attaining a high overall growth rate, but the question being posed is; who benefits from the rapid economic growth? Both economic growth and fairness in the distribution of income are desirable. Unfortunately, the two goals are often in conflict with each other. The maximisation of growth could worsen the problem of inequality, whereas the pursuit of equality may slow down national growth. A development strategy should not concern itself simply with the maximisation of one objective at the expense of the other; it has to consider the trade off between them. On another note, regional disparity is an issue of political significance because regional economic disparities may have adverse effects on the political stability and unity of the nation. The relationship between inequality and political instability is a close one. In countless instances, real and perceived imequities give rise to political conflicts. Inter regional inequality could be a source of political conflict, just as inequalities between groups are. Residents of one region tends to care more about the welfare of other residents than about the welfare of the inhabitanrs of other regions. As a result, there tends to be a widespread sense of grievence among the people living in regions where average incomes are nocticeably lower than in other regions of the country, or the incomes are growing noticeably slower. They may regard an insufficiently sympathetic central government as partly responsible for their plight. Meanwhile, those living in more developed regions are likely to perceive that their economies are the backbone of the nation. If the central government intervenes to corrct regional disparites in such a way that the high income regions have to subsidise the poor one, then these regions are likely to believe that such fiscal transfers to low growth regions ae just a waste of money because in their view, trying to sustain inefficient economic activity is irrational. Thus any attempt to redistribute resources across regions is likely to provoke resistance from rich regions. Thus persistence regional disparities may not only frustrate people living in impoverished regions but also alienate those living in affluent regions. History suggests that when regional disparities becomes excessive, it could lead to massive political consequences especially when ethnic, religious, language differences are combined with ethnic disparities. Examples of such include Biafra in Nigeria, Punjab in India, Wales and Northern Ireland in Great Britain. NIGERIA AS CASE STUDY WITH REFERENCE TO NIGER DELTA REGION Nigeria is the most populous African country with a population of 154 million people who account for 47% of West Africas population and nearly a fifth of sub-Saharan Africas population. Nigeria is Africas largest oil producing country, and it is the eleventh largest producer and the eight largest exporter of crude oil in the world. In 2006, Nigerian oil production averaged approximately 2.45 million barrels of oil per day (World Bank, 2011) Oil has been the dominant factor in Nigerias economy for the past 50 years. In 2007 over 87% of government revenues, 90% of foreign exchange earnings, 96% of export revenues, and almost half of GDP was accounted for by oil (Watts 2008:43). Despite its vast resources however, Nigeria has been a disastrous development experience, and Nigerias performance since independence has been dismal at best. Today, out of a population of 140 million, approximately 70 million people live on less than $1/day, 54% of Nigerians live below the poverty line, over 1/3 live in extreme poverty, 1one in five children die before the age of five, 3 million people are living with HIV/AIDS, and 7 million children are not attending school (Higgins 2009). In an attempt to gain access to the allocation of oil revenues, each ethnic group in Nigeria had to seek its own state or local government council. This is why Nigeria, which originally had only 4 regions and 50 local governments, now has 36 states and 774 loca l governments. According to the United Nations Development Program, Nigeria ranks in terms of the Human Development Index (HDI) a composite measure of life expectancy, income, and educational attainment number 158 out of 177 countries, below Haiti and Congo; over the last 30 years the trend line of the HDI has been upward but barely (UNDP, 2006a). Nigeria also appears close to the top of virtually everyones global ranking of corruption, business risk, lack of transparency, fraud, and illicit activity; Nigerian fraud even has its own FBI website. According to former World Bank President Paul Wolfowitz, at least $100 billion of the $600 billion in oil revenues accrued since 1960 have simply gone missing. Nigerian anti-corruption chairman noted that 70% of the countrys oil wealth was stolen or wasted; by 2005 it was only 40%, and by most conservative estimates, almost 130 billion was lost between 1970 and 1996. After the discovery of oil in Mongolia, a local leader announced: We do not want to become another Nigeria (Watts 2008:43-44). This rise in oil wealth has not translated into significant increases in living standards in Nigeria, however. In fact, the rise in poverty and inequality coincides with the discovery and export of oil in Nigeria. As Sala-i-Martin and Subramanian (2003:4) show, in 1965, when oil revenue was about US$33 per capita, GDP per capita was US$245. In 2000, when oil revenues were US$325 per capita, GDP per capita was stalled at the 1965 level. Evidence such as this has led to widespread acceptance that Nigeria has suffered from the resource curse and according to Sala-i-Martin and Subramanian (2003:24), waste and poor institutional quality stemming from oil has been primarily responsible for Nigerias poor long-run economic performance. The Niger Delta region is the area covered by the natural delta of the Niger River and the areas to the east and west. The Niger Delta consists of 9 of the 36 states in Nigeria, 185 local governments (UNDP, 2006: 44)occupying about 12% of Nigerias territory (Figure 2).These states include Abia, Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo, Imo, Ondo and Rivers state. The Niger Delta is a region that has been somewhat marginalized from Nigerias national development despite being the region that generates Nigerias oil wealth (Higgins 2009:1). The oil boom in Nigeria has been driven by oil extracted from the Niger Delta region. Oil wealth, from the Niger Delta region, is largely responsible for sustaining the Nigerian Federation (UNDP, 2006: 62). Despite fuelling much of Nigerias economic growth, the Niger Delta is somewhat marginalised from Nigerias national development. Higgins writes that, Essentially there is a significant disconnect between the wealth the region generates for the Nigerian Federation and the transnational oil companies extracting oil from the region, and the regions human development progress (Higgins 2009:3). The regions human development index is 0.564 and while this is slightly higher than the Nigerian HDI of 0.448, the area rates far below regions or countries with similar gas or oil reserves (Venezuela is 0.772 and Indonesia is 0.697) (UNDP, 2006: 15). Table 5 shows incidence of poverty in the Niger Delta from 1980-2004, and according to Higgins, Analysis of poverty and human development indicator s paints a dismal picture for the Niger Delta. Poverty incidence increased in the Niger Delta between 1980 and 2004 as Table [5] shows (Higgins 2009:3) As well, when further disaggregated to the local government level, the Niger Delta Human Development Report shows that state and regional HDI scores mask inequalities in human development among oil producing communities. Significantly, local government areas without oil facilities appear to have fewer poor people than those with oil facilities (UNDP, 2006: 15). The report also concludes that decline in the HDI has been steeper for the Niger Delta states than the rest of Nigeria (UNDP, 2006: 137). In addition, the high earnings of some oil industry workers leads to localised price distortions, driving up prices and so constraining the purchasing power of ordinary people and making it difficult for many to meet the costs of basic needs such as housing, healthcare, transportation, education and good and making poverty more pervasive tha n conventional measures reveal (UNDP, 2006: 57). CONSEQUENCES 1. Social and political exclusion: The two post-military national elections (1999 and 2003) are widely agreed to have been extensively rigged in the Niger Delta states, with fraudulent results sustained by violence and threat and so leaving a serious democratic deficit. The political process is held in complete mistrust and considered exclusionary and corrupt. Formal institutions have failed and local customary institutions have become eroded. Youth have turned to violence and militancy to challenge the government and extort oil from oil companies (World Bank, 2007b). 2. Economic exclusion: Despite substantial resource flows to the State government, and significant natural resource endowments the people of the Niger Delta are destitute. The panel described the Niger Delta as an iconic representation of destitution amongst the possibility of wealth. The people of the Niger Delta feel excluded from the wealth generated by their resource rich region substantiated by the region having the highest rate of unemployment in Nigeria (World Bank, 2007b). Remote rural communities have very limited economic opportunities and often cannot tap directly into the employment. benefits of the oil industry because they lack capital resources or skills (UNDP, 2006:17). 3. Poor governance and corruption: Corruption, especially at the state and local level, is endemic and at the root of many of the regions problems. Large sums are received at both the state and local level, but there is little evidence of this being applied to productive development endeavours. This situation exacerbates the sense of hopelessness, exclusion and anger of the citizenry of the Niger Delta, who have lost faith in existing governance structures (World Bank, 2007b). 4. Poor infrastructure and public service delivery: The panel (World Bank, 2007b) describes the current situation as akin to a human emergency and UNDP describes infrastructure and social services as generally deplorable (UNDP, 2006: 15). The general neglect of infrastructure, often rationalised by the difficult terrain of the region, has worsened the populations access to fundamental services (UNDP, 2006: 16). For example, the town of Edeoha, in the state of Rivers, lacks basic services such as water, education, healthcare and electricity and jobs are hard to come by. There is no local government office in the town, the primary schools lacks chairs and desks, and the nearest hospital, which lacks medicine and equipment, is twenty kilometres away (International Crisis Group, 2006: 17). Analysis above highlights the poor human development of the region. 5. Environmental degradation: Oil exploration and production gas led to environmental damage on many levels: land, water and air pollution, depleted fishing grounds and the disappearance of wetlands (World Bank, 2007b). These environmental changes have had significant implications for local livelihoods, and the alienation of people from their resources and land has led to the inefficient use of resources that remain and poor or inequitable land use practices (UNDP, 2006: 17). Measures to counterbalance environmental damage are inadequate and this is a major focus of community disconten (World Bank, 2007b). 6. Escalating violence and disorder: The democratisation of the means of violence has emerged, as the state has lost monopoly power over the use of force. This violence has emerged in many forms, and exists between communities over host community status, resource and land claims and surveillance contracts; within communities over compensation distribution; between communities and oil companies; and between communities and security forces. The fault lines of these conflicts often coincide with, or are justified in terms of, ethnic differences (World Bank, 2007b). Persistent conflict, while in part a response to the regions poor human development, also serves to entrench it as it is a constant drag on the regions economic performance and opportunities for advancement (UNDP, 2006: 16). 7. A vicious cycle of violence: Conflict has become militarised, with the intensive proliferation of arms, sabotage, hostage taking and the emergence of warlords and youth cults. This process is fuelled by the illegal bunkering of oil fuels (World Bank, 2007b). Since January 2006, the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) have been central to this violence (International Crisis Group, 2006:i). 8. Landownership: There is much juridical ambiguity over land rights. While the Land Use Decree of 1978 formally vested all land in State governments, the expropriation of this has never been accepted by the individuals, families and communities that have made customary claims to the land. This has resulted in a double system, and combined with weak judicial systems has resulted in long running conflicts and ambiguity at many levels (World Bank, 2007b). GOVERNMENT POLICY TO REVERT THE SITUATION The marginalisation and poor human development progress of the Niger Delta has not gone unnoticed by successive Nigerian federal governments. Since the late 1950s, the Niger Delta has been recognised as a region requiring special development attention (Osuoka, 2007: 5). A number of special agencies have been created by the federal government to address development in the Niger Delta. These have included the Niger Delta Basin Development Board, established in 1965 and the Oil Minerals Producing Areas Development Commission, established in 1992 (Osuoka, 2007: 5). it established a new body called the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) to offer a lasting solution to the socio-economic difficulties of the Niger Delta Region (UNDP, 2006: 31). In 2006, the NDDC launched the Niger Delta Regional Development Master Plan, which states the development goals and objectives of the Niger Delta. For the foundation phases (2006-2010), the key programmes are the economy, physical infrastructur e, human and institutional resources, human and community needs and natural environment. Focusing on some key elements, these will seek to create an enabling environment for enterprise; improve the functioning of key markets and access to them; increase agricultural (and fisheries) productivity and micro-investment; protect and develop human capabilities; protect natural resources and mitigate harm. (For a summary of the NDDC Master Plan Programs and Areas of Focus, see Annex 1). The NDDC clearly aims to have a redistributory function, with nearly a quarter of the funding coming from the Federal Government 1, with additional contributions expected from oil companies operating in the Niger Delta, the Ecological Fund and States of the delta. Unfortunately, States have yet to contribute to the Commission, and oil companies are still wrangling over how much they should contribute (UNDP, 2006: 31-32). But assessment of development in the Niger Delta since the NDDC was established shows that poverty reduction progress has been slow, particularly given the Niger Deltas substantial natural resource endowments and additional federal government resources. And, as mentioned above, according to UNDP, the worsening of the HDI has been more acute for the Niger Delta states than for the rest of Nigeria (UNDP, 2006: 137). However, we do not really know how effective the NDDC is. We also do not know much about which programme components are more or less effective at achieving the programmes overarching goals. This is a really important data gap, as given the programmes multisectoral nature clearly attributable information about causality would go a long way to telling us which approaches might be best at reducing spatial disparities and regional inequalities. If we look at a range of indicators, we can see how significant the challenge still is. Disaggregated human development indicators pa int a dismal picture. The prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS is among the highest in Nigeria (UNDP, 2006: 17). Energy availability is poor, despite the region providing the United States with one fifth of its energy needs (UNDP, 2006: 25). For example, in Bayelsa State is not linked to the national electric power grid (UNDP, 2006: 110). Similarly, while the delta region has a dense network of freshwater distributaries and vast groundwater reserves, no part of the region has a regular supply of potable water (UNDP, 2006: 110). Some health indicators are below the national average. As Table 3 indicates, the Niger Delta region (South-South) has a higher than average infant mortality rate and the highest post-neonatal mortality rate in Nigeria (UNDP, 2006: 125). The region also fares comparatively poorly in terms of accessing health treatment. For example, only 25.1% of children with acute respiratory infections and fever sought medical treatment from health providers, compared with 49.5% in t he North Central region and 52.6% in the South West region (UNDP, 2006: 123). The South-South zone also had the largest proportion of births attended by traditional attendants (UNDP, 2006:123). Interestingly, in a 2003 NDHS survey, the Niger Delta had the largest proportion (34.8%) of respondents identifying the distance between their residence and health facilities as a major problem. In this same survey, nationally, 30.4% of women cited a lack of money as a barrier to accessing health care. In the Niger Delta, this was 47.1% and the highest regional figure (UNDP, 2006: 125). Additionally, there is an intense feeling among the people of the Niger Delta that they should be doing far better: the Niger Delta has a self-assessment poverty rate of 74.8% (UNDP, 2006: 58) Policy Recommendations The policy recommendations address the issue of regional inequalities and overall national developmentandmodemisation in Nigeria. As we saw during the review, regional imbalance has been perpetuated in the country over time. The result has been the prevailing unwarranted uneven distribution of resources and benefits of development Warranted unevenness is inevitable during the incipient growth and development of any country because of inadequate administrative machinery, lack of clear direction of redistribution mechanisms, non-diversification of the economy and technology and limited employment opportunities for the majority of people. During the early stage of development income development surpluses and even hierarchy of cities are not adequately distributed. However in a country such as Nigeria where development aided by the petro-dollar has proceeded for quite a long time, the perpetual existence of unwarranted inequalities among individuals and regions is unpardonable. Individual and regional equity based on consensual socio-political policies, especially in the form of Acts, is still possible. Attractive socio-political, economic and administrative consensus policy options that are likely to be acceptable to every region and individual will be those which 74 EbenezerAka promote a change that is desirable in its own right: for example, a multicultural po.licy on ethnocentrism, capacity-building, and sustainable self-reliant peoplecentered development. Ethnocentrism has been a major driving force which has fueled and perpetuated regional imbalance in the country over time. For the problems of ethnicity to be ameliorated in the country, a concerted effort by the local, regional and federal governments is needed urgently. The effort will ensure that all references that vilify individuals or incite unwarranted division and unnecessary competition are removed by law from the mass media and other instruments of propaganda (Nnoli, 1978). According to Nnoli the concept of the existing North/South and East! West that mark the social, cultural, historical and ethno-linguistic divisions and affinities for socio-economic development planning should be applied with caution. At times in Nigeria this creates the notion of us versus them. A new set of references is needed which explains the countrys present socioeconomic predicaments. For example the concept of developed and backward or depressed regions stemming from the differences in regional distribution of natural and mineral resources including income, employment and welfare, should replace the North/South and East/West distinction or dichotomy. Moreover, in order to realise a long -term solution, strategies to accommodate the major ethnic groups in the development process should be pursued. For example, the languages and histories of major ethnic groups should be taught in schools for the understanding and appreciation of each other; information for important social services (public or central services) should beprovided in major languages, and the political system and its policy and decision-making apparatus should be representative of multiethnic groups in the country, in order to allay the fears of the minorities. Socioeconomic planning administration, and management based on the new concepts are likely to enhance socio-economic and political equity if constantly pursued over a long period of time. A cogent remedy to regional inequality also lies in the creation of a nationally integrated economy rather than on the creation of mushroom states based on ethnolinguistic sentiments for sharing the national wealth. The suggestion here is a gradual shift of emphasis from the existing centre-down, urban-biased, productioncentred organisation to a sustainable, self-reliant, people-centred developmenL What is actually advocated is a bi-modal or dualistic strategy of development where both paradigms are operative. According to Korten (1984:309) ifpeoplecentred development is to emerge it will bean offspring of the production-centred industrial era. The new paradigm should focus on ruraVregional development based on the community or basic needs approach. The federal government should use its authority to improve the relative and absolute shares of the poor regions or states because the free market mechanism Regional Inequalities in the Process of Nigerias Development 75 does not operate in Nigeria to guarantee the redistribution of the benefits of socioeconomic development. TIle Nigerian market is imperfect, corrupt and not well developed. Distributive measures should be initiated by the government to include: industrial decentralisation by giving priority to lagging regions; job-training programmes as a targeted policy for the poor, the underprivileged and the minorities; and direct income transfers. The aim is to improve on the economic base of those regions, as well as their employment potential and income which will eventually make the local economy richer. The aim of the people-centred or grass-roots approach to rural and regional development is to create a society that is secure and sustainable. Growth which has occurred so far becauseofa production-centredapproach, has not been accompanied by equivalent increase in employment, thereby resulting in individual and regional poverty as well as socioeconomic inequalities. To create jobs and ensure that all share in the benefits of economic growth, government should make markets more people-friendly by: investing more in basic education and worker retraining; ensuring universal access to markets; redesigning credit systems and fISCal incentives to support small-scale 6nterprises and informal employment; and using tax breaks to encourage labour-intensive technology and production in ruraltowns, agro-towns, or small- and intermediate-sized cities (Collins, 1993:4). The new concept focuses on human security based on environmental sustainability, employment, and provision of basic needs. Perhaps, this is what Strong (1993:5) calls, in both environmental and economic terms, eco-industrial revolution. Strong goes on to say that for the government to effect economic sustainability, it will require a fundamental reorientation of policies and budgets, redeployment of resources, and reshaping of the system of incentives and penalties that motivate economic behaviour. In order for the resources to be adequately managed and for long-term economic sustainability to be entrencbed in Nigeria, the federal government should embark on capacity-building. This will enhance the existing management capacity of Nigerian public institutions and private economic agents, and also help provide the much needed top-level managers and policy-makers. Capacity-building willachieve littleinNigeriawithoutpolitical development. TheNigeriangovemment mustdevelopaform of governance thatpermits free expression and full participation in the development process. Participation empowers the local people to take charge of their lives by increasing their potency ,as theiraltemative ideas, social techniques and technologies are released. Political development is likely to create societywide trust and predictability, and foster a stable political order that is the sine qua non for a long economic growth. Without creating more states in Nigeria, which often depends on ethnocentric sentiments, a decentralised administrative structure can be achieved which is capable of providing stability, creativity, and civic 76 EbenezerAka commitment of every Nigerian, and more importantly, capable of reducing regional inequalities. Regional inequalities can bealleviate in terms of administrative decentralisation. The recently created local government areas throughout the country could be strengthened and employed as a seeding agent for local and regional growth, development, and modernisation. There exist today 449 local government areas with their headquarterS or capitals. These capitals Egunjobi (1990:22) calls third-order centres(6). Administrative decentralisation plays an important function in the redistribution process during a deliberate national development effort, especially by strategically locating the headquarters or capitals for the newly created administrative areas. The local government area capitals should be targeted as development and modernisation diffusion agents, and also as the agro-political units for the provision of basic needs using local materials, manpower, and small-scale enterprises. That is, these capitals can be deliberately employed to act as innovation nodes or poles by which growth and modernisation impulses could diffuse or trickle-down to their tributary areas. Inother words, they should provide development stimuli and act as a change agent to their hinterlands or catchment areas. As a process of national urbanisation, socioeconomic and modemisation strategy, administrativedecentralisation sho

Understanding Alzheimers Disease :: Alzheimers Disease Essays

Understanding Alzheimer's Disease Alzheimer's Disease is a progressive and irreversible brain disease that destroys mental and physical functioning in human beings, and invariably leads to death. It is the fourth leading cause of adult death in the United States. Alzheimer's creates emotional and financial catastrophe for many American families every year. Fortunately, a large amount of progress is being made to combat Alzheimer's disease every year. To fully be able to comprehend and combat Alzheimer's disease, one must know what it does to the brain, the part of the human body it most greatly affects. Many Alzheimer's disease sufferers had their brains examined. A large number of differences were present when comparing the normal brain to the Alzheimer's brain. There was a loss of nerve cells from the Cerebral Cortex in the Alzheimer's victim. Approxiately ten percent of the neurons in this region were lost. But a ten percent loss is relatively minor, and cannot account for the severe impairment suffered by Alzheimer's victims. Neurofibrillary Tangles are also found in the brains of Alzheimer's victims. They are found within the cell bodies of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex, and take on the structure of a paired helix. Other diseases that have "paired helixes" include Parkinson's disease, Down's Syndrome, and Dementia Pugilistica. Scientists are not sure how the paired helixes are related in these very different diseases. Neuritic Plaques are patches of clumped material lying outside the bodies of nerve cells in the brain. They are mainly found in the cerebral cortex, but have also been seen in other areas of the brain. At the core of each of these plaques is a substance called amyloid, an abnormal protein not usually found in the brain. This amyloid core is surrounded by cast off fragments of dead or dying nerve cells. The cell fragments include dying mitochondria, presynaptic terminals, and paired helical filaments identical to those that are neurofibrillary tangles. Many neuropathologists think that these plaques are basically clusters of degenerating nerve cells. But they are still not sure of how and why these fragments clustered together. Congophilic Angiopathy is the technical name that neuropathologists have given to an abnormality found in the walls of blood vessels in the brains of victims of Alzheimer's disease. These abnormal patches are similar to the neuritic plaques that develop in Alzheimer's disease, in that amyloid has been found within the blood-vessel walls wherever the patches occur. Another name for these patches is cerebrovascular amyloid,

The Da Vinci Code Chapter 84-86

CHAPTER 84 In a rubbish-strewn alley very close to Temple Church, Remy Legaludec pulled the Jaguar limousine to a stop behind a row of industrial waste bins. Killing the engine, he checked the area. Deserted. He got out of the car, walked toward the rear, and climbed back into the limousine's main cabin where the monk was. Sensing Remy's presence, the monk in the back emerged from a prayer-like trance, his red eyes looking more curious than fearful. All evening Remy had been impressed with this trussed man's ability to stay calm. After some initial struggles in the Range Rover, the monk seemed to have accepted his plight and given over his fate to a higher power. Loosening his bow tie, Remy unbuttoned his high, starched, wing-tipped collar and felt as if he could breathe for the first time in years. He went to the limousine's wet bar, where he poured himself a Smirnoff vodka. He drank it in a single swallow and followed it with a second. Soon I will be a man of leisure. Searching the bar, Remy found a standard service wine-opener and flicked open the sharp blade. The knife was usually employed to slice the lead foil from corks on fine bottles of wine, but it would serve a far more dramatic purpose this morning. Remy turned and faced Silas, holding up the glimmering blade. Now those red eyes flashed fear. Remy smiled and moved toward the back of the limousine. The monk recoiled, struggling against his bonds. â€Å"Be still,† Remy whispered, raising the blade. Silas could not believe that God had forsaken him. Even the physical pain of being bound Silas had turned into a spiritual exercise, asking the throb of his blood-starved muscles to remind him of the pain Christ endured. I have been praying all night for liberation.Now, as the knife descended, Silas clenched his eyes shut. A slash of pain tore through his shoulder blades. He cried out, unable to believe he was going to die here in the back of this limousine, unable to defend himself. I was doing God's work.TheTeacher said he would protect me. Silas felt the biting warmth spreading across his back and shoulders and could picture his own blood, spilling out over his flesh. A piercing pain cut through his thighs now, and he felt the onset of that familiar undertow of disorientation – the body's defense mechanism against the pain. As the biting heat tore through all of his muscles now, Silas clenched his eyes tighter, determined that the final image of his life would not be of his own killer. Instead he pictured a younger Bishop Aringarosa, standing before the small church in Spain†¦ the church that he and Silas had built with their own hands. The beginning of my life. Silas felt as if his body were on fire. â€Å"Take a drink,† the tuxedoed man whispered, his accent French. â€Å"It will help with your circulation.† Silas's eyes flew open in surprise. A blurry image was leaning over him, offering a glass of liquid. A mound of shredded duct tape lay on the floor beside the bloodless knife. â€Å"Drink this,† he repeated. â€Å"The pain you feel is the blood rushing into your muscles.† Silas felt the fiery throb transforming now to a prickling sting. The vodka tasted terrible, but he drank it, feeling grateful. Fate had dealt Silas a healthy share of bad luck tonight, but God had solved it all with one miraculous twist. God has not forsaken me. Silas knew what Bishop Aringarosa would call it. Divine intervention. â€Å"I had wanted to free you earlier,† the servant apologized,† but it was impossible. With the police arriving at Chateau Villette, and then at Biggin Hill airport, this was the first possible moment. You understand, don't you, Silas?† Silas recoiled, startled. â€Å"You know my name?† The servant smiled. Silas sat up now, rubbing his stiff muscles, his emotions a torrent of incredulity, appreciation, and confusion. â€Å"Are you†¦ the Teacher?† Remy shook his head, laughing at the proposition. â€Å"I wish I had that kind of power. No, I am not the Teacher. Like you, I serve him. But the Teacher speaks highly of you. My name is Remy.† Silas was amazed. â€Å"I don't understand. If you work for the Teacher, why did Langdon bring the keystone to your home?† â€Å"Not my home. The home of the world's foremost Grail historian, Sir Leigh Teabing.† â€Å"But you live there. The odds†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Remy smiled, seeming to have no trouble with the apparent coincidence of Langdon's chosen refuge. â€Å"It was all utterly predictable. Robert Langdon was in possession of the keystone, and he needed help. What more logical place to run than to the home of Leigh Teabing? That I happen to live there is why the Teacher approached me in the first place.† He paused. â€Å"How do you think the Teacher knows so much about the Grail?† Now it dawned, and Silas was stunned. The Teacher had recruited a servant who had access to all of Sir Leigh Teabing's research. It was brilliant. â€Å"There is much I have to tell you,† Remy said, handing Silas the loaded Heckler Koch pistol. Then he reached through the open partition and retrieved a small, palm-sized revolver from the glove box. â€Å"But first, you and I have a job to do.† Captain Fache descended from his transport plane at Biggin Hill and listened in disbelief to the Kent chief inspector's account of what had happened in Teabing's hangar. â€Å"I searched the plane myself,† the inspector insisted,† and there was no one inside.† His tone turned haughty. â€Å"And I should add that if Sir Leigh Teabing presses charges against me, I will – â€Å" â€Å"Did you interrogate the pilot?† â€Å"Of course not. He is French, and our jurisdiction requires – â€Å"Take me to the plane.† Arriving at the hangar, Fache needed only sixty seconds to locate an anomalous smear of blood on the pavement near where the limousine had been parked. Fache walked up to the plane and rapped loudly on the fuselage. â€Å"This is the captain of the French Judicial Police. Open the door!† The terrified pilot opened the hatch and lowered the stairs. Fache ascended. Three minutes later, with the help of his sidearm, he had a full confession, including a description of the bound albino monk. In addition, he learned that the pilot saw Langdon and Sophie leave something behind in Teabing's safe, a wooden box of some sort. Although the pilot denied knowing what was in the box, he admitted it had been the focus of Langdon's full attention during the flight to London. â€Å"Open the safe,† Fache demanded. The pilot looked terrified. â€Å"I don't know the combination!† â€Å"That's too bad. I was going to offer to let you keep your pilot's license.† The pilot wrung his hands. â€Å"I know some men in maintenance here. Maybe they could drill it?† â€Å"You have half an hour.† The pilot leapt for his radio. Fache strode to the back of the plane and poured himself a hard drink. It was early, but he had not yet slept, so this hardly counted as drinking before noon. Sitting in a plush bucket seat, he closed his eyes, trying to sort out what was going on. The Kent police's blunder could cost me dearly. Everyone was now on the lookout for a black Jaguar limousine. Fache's phone rang, and he wished for a moment's peace. â€Å"Allo?† â€Å"I'm en route to London.† It was Bishop Aringarosa. â€Å"I'll be arriving in an hour.† Fache sat up. â€Å"I thought you were going to Paris.† â€Å"I am deeply concerned. I have changed my plans.† â€Å"You should not have.† â€Å"Do you have Silas?† â€Å"No. His captors eluded the local police before I landed.† Aringarosa's anger rang sharply. â€Å"You assured me you would stop that plane!† Fache lowered his voice. â€Å"Bishop, considering your situation, I recommend you not test my patience today. I will find Silas and the others as soon as possible. Where are you landing?† â€Å"One moment.† Aringarosa covered the receiver and then came back. â€Å"The pilot is trying to get clearance at Heathrow. I'm his only passenger, but our redirect was unscheduled.† â€Å"Tell him to come to Biggin Hill Executive Airport in Kent. I'll get him clearance. If I'm not here when you land, I'll have a car waiting for you.† â€Å"Thank you.† â€Å"As I expressed when we first spoke, Bishop, you would do well to remember that you are not the only man on the verge of losing everything.† CHAPTER 85 You seek the orb that ought be on his tomb. Each of the carved knights within the Temple Church lay on his back with his head resting on a rectangular stone pillow. Sophie felt a chill. The poem's reference to an† orb† conjured images of the night in her grandfather's basement. Hieros Gamos. The orbs. Sophie wondered if the ritual had been performed in this very sanctuary. The circular room seemed custom-built for such a pagan rite. A stone pew encircled a bare expanse of floor in the middle. A theater in the round, as Robert had called it. She imagined this chamber at night, filled with masked people, chanting by torchlight, all witnessing a† sacred communion† in the center of the room. Forcing the image from her mind, she advanced with Langdon and Teabing toward the first group of knights. Despite Teabing's insistence that their investigation should be conducted meticulously, Sophie felt eager and pushed ahead of them, making a cursory walk-through of the five knights on the left. Scrutinizing these first tombs, Sophie noted the similarities and differences between them. Every knight was on his back, but three of the knights had their legs extended straight out while two had their legs crossed. The oddity seemed to have no relevance to the missing orb. Examining their clothing, Sophie noted that two of the knights wore tunics over their armor, while the other three wore ankle-length robes. Again, utterly unhelpful. Sophie turned her attention to the only other obvious difference – their hand positions. Two knights clutched swords, two prayed, and one had his arms at his side. After a long moment looking at the hands, Sophie shrugged, having seen no hint anywhere of a conspicuously absent orb. Feeling the weight of the cryptex in her sweater pocket, she glanced back at Langdon and Teabing. The men were moving slowly, still only at the third knight, apparently having no luck either. In no mood to wait, she turned away from them toward the second group of knights. As she crossed the open space, she quietly recited the poem she had read so many times now that it was committed to memory. In London lies a knight a Pope interred. His labor's fruit a Holy wrath incurred. You seek the orb that ought be on his tomb. It speaks of Rosy flesh and seeded womb. When Sophie arrived at the second group of knights, she found that this second group was similar to the first. All lay with varied body positions, wearing armor and swords. That was, all except the tenth and final tomb. Hurrying over to it, she stared down. No pillow. No armor. No tunic. No sword. â€Å"Robert? Leigh?† she called, her voice echoing around the chamber. â€Å"There's something missing over here.† Both men looked up and immediately began to cross the room toward her. â€Å"An orb?† Teabing called excitedly. His crutches clicked out a rapid staccato as he hurried across the room. â€Å"Are we missing an orb?† â€Å"Not exactly,† Sophie said, frowning at the tenth tomb. â€Å"We seem to be missing an entire knight.† Arriving beside her both men gazed down in confusion at the tenth tomb. Rather than a knight lying in the open air, this tomb was a sealed stone casket. The casket was trapezoidal, tapered at the feet, widening toward the top, with a peaked lid. â€Å"Why isn't this knight shown?† Langdon asked. â€Å"Fascinating,† Teabing said, stroking his chin. â€Å"I had forgotten about this oddity. It's been years since I was here.† â€Å"This coffin,† Sophie said,† looks like it was carved at the same time and by the same sculptor as the other nine tombs. So why is this knight in a casket rather than in the open?† Teabing shook his head. â€Å"One of this church's mysteries. To the best of my knowledge, nobody has ever found any explanation for it.† â€Å"Hello?† the altar boy said, arriving with a perturbed look on his face. â€Å"Forgive me if this seems rude, but you told me you wanted to spread ashes, and yet you seem to be sightseeing.† Teabing scowled at the boy and turned to Langdon. â€Å"Mr. Wren, apparently your family's philanthropy does not buy you the time it used to, so perhaps we should take out the ashes and get on with it.† Teabing turned to Sophie. â€Å"Mrs. Wren?† Sophie played along, pulling the vellum-wrapped cryptex from her pocket. â€Å"Now then,† Teabing snapped at the boy,† if you would give us some privacy?† The altar boy did not move. He was eyeing Langdon closely now. â€Å"You look familiar.† Teabing huffed. â€Å"Perhaps that is because Mr. Wren comes here every year!† Or perhaps, Sophie now feared, because he saw Langdon on television at the Vatican last year. â€Å"I have never met Mr. Wren,† the altar boy declared. â€Å"You're mistaken,† Langdon said politely. â€Å"I believe you and I met in passing last year. Father Knowles failed to formally introduce us, but I recognized your face as we came in. Now, I realize this is an intrusion, but if you could afford me a few more minutes, I have traveled a great distance to scatter ashes amongst these tombs.† Langdon spoke his lines with Teabing-esque believability. The altar boy's expression turned even more skeptical. â€Å"These are not tombs.† â€Å"I'm sorry?† Langdon said. â€Å"Of course they are tombs,† Teabing declared. â€Å"What are you talking about?† The altar boy shook his head. â€Å"Tombs contain bodies. These are effigies. Stone tributes to real men. There are no bodies beneath these figures.† â€Å"This is a crypt!† Teabing said. â€Å"Only in outdated history books. This was believed to be a crypt but was revealed as nothing of the sort during the 1950 renovation.† He turned back to Langdon. â€Å"And I imagine Mr. Wren would know that. Considering it was his family that uncovered that fact.† An uneasy silence fell. It was broken by the sound of a door slamming out in the annex. â€Å"That must be Father Knowles,† Teabing said. â€Å"Perhaps you should go see?† The altar boy looked doubtful but stalked back toward the annex, leaving Langdon, Sophie, and Teabing to eye one another gloomily. â€Å"Leigh,† Langdon whispered. â€Å"No bodies? What is he talking about?† Teabing looked distraught. â€Å"I don't know. I always thought†¦ certainly, this must be the place. I can't imagine he knows what he is talking about. It makes no sense!† â€Å"Can I see the poem again?† Langdon said. Sophie pulled the cryptex from her pocket and carefully handed it to him. Langdon unwrapped the vellum, holding the cryptex in his hand while he examined the poem. â€Å"Yes, the poem definitely references a tomb.Not an effigy.† â€Å"Could the poem be wrong?† Teabing asked. â€Å"Could Jacques Sauniere have made the same mistake I just did?† Langdon considered it and shook his head. â€Å"Leigh, you said it yourself. This church was built by Templars, the military arm of the Priory. Something tells me the Grand Master of the Priory would have a pretty good idea if there were knights buried here.† Teabing looked flabbergasted. â€Å"But this place is perfect.† He wheeled back toward the knights. â€Å"We must be missing something!† Entering the annex, the altar boy was surprised to find it deserted. â€Å"Father Knowles?† I know Iheard the door, he thought, moving forward until he could see the entryway. A thin man in a tuxedo stood near the doorway, scratching his head and looking lost. The altar boy gave an irritated huff, realizing he had forgotten to relock the door when he let the others in. Now some pathetic sod had wandered in off the street, looking for directions to some wedding from the looks of it. â€Å"I'm sorry,† he called out, passing a large pillar,† we're closed.† A flurry of cloth ruffled behind him, and before the altar boy could turn, his head snapped backward, a powerful hand clamping hard over his mouth from behind, muffling his scream. The hand over the boy's mouth was snow-white, and he smelled alcohol. The prim man in the tuxedo calmly produced a very small revolver, which he aimed directly at the boy's forehead. The altar boy felt his groin grow hot and realized he had wet himself. â€Å"Listen carefully,† the tuxedoed man whispered. â€Å"You will exit this church silently, and you will run. You will not stop. Is that clear?† The boy nodded as best he could with the hand over his mouth. â€Å"If you call the police†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The tuxedoed man pressed the gun to his skin. â€Å"I will find you.† The next thing the boy knew, he was sprinting across the outside courtyard with no plans of stopping until his legs gave out. CHAPTER 86 Like a ghost, Silas drifted silently behind his target. Sophie Neveu sensed him too late. Before she could turn, Silas pressed the gun barrel into her spine and wrapped a powerful arm across her chest, pulling her back against his hulking body. She yelled in surprise. Teabing and Langdon both turned now, their expressions astonished and fearful. â€Å"What†¦ ?† Teabing choked out. â€Å"What did you do to Remy!† â€Å"Your only concern,† Silas said calmly,† is that I leave here with the keystone.† This recovery mission, as Remy had described it, was to be clean and simple: Enter the church, take the keystone, and walk out; no killing, no struggle. Holding Sophie firm, Silas dropped his hand from her chest, down to her waist, slipping it inside her deep sweater pockets, searching. He could smell the soft fragrance of her hair through his own alcohol-laced breath. â€Å"Where is it?† he whispered. The keystone was in her sweater pocket earlier. So where is it now? â€Å"It's over here,† Langdon's deep voice resonated from across the room. Silas turned to see Langdon holding the black cryptex before him, waving it back and forth like a matador tempting a dumb animal. â€Å"Set it down,† Silas demanded. â€Å"Let Sophie and Leigh leave the church,† Langdon replied. â€Å"You and I can settle this.† Silas pushed Sophie away from him and aimed the gun at Langdon, moving toward him. â€Å"Not a step closer,† Langdon said. â€Å"Not until they leave the building.† â€Å"You are in no position to make demands.† â€Å"I disagree.† Langdon raised the cryptex high over his head. â€Å"I will not hesitate to smash this on the floor and break the vial inside.† Although Silas sneered outwardly at the threat, he felt a flash of fear. This was unexpected. He aimed the gun at Langdon's head and kept his voice as steady as his hand. â€Å"You would never break the keystone. You want to find the Grail as much as I do.† â€Å"You're wrong. You want it much more. You've proven you're willing to kill for it.† Forty feet away, peering out from the annex pews near the archway, Remy Legaludec felt a rising alarm. The maneuver had not gone as planned, and even from here, he could see Silas was uncertain how to handle the situation. At the Teacher's orders, Remy had forbidden Silas to fire his gun. â€Å"Let them go,† Langdon again demanded, holding the cryptex high over his head and staring into Silas's gun. The monk's red eyes filled with anger and frustration, and Remy tightened with fear that Silas might actually shoot Langdon while he was holding the cryptex. The cryptex cannot fall! The cryptex was to be Remy's ticket to freedom and wealth. A little over a year ago, he was simply a fifty-five-year-old manservant living within the walls of Chateau Villette, catering to the whims of the insufferable cripple Sir Leigh Teabing. Then he was approached with an extraordinary proposition. Remy's association with Sir Leigh Teabing – the preeminent Grail historian on earth – was going to bring Remy everything he had ever dreamed of in life. Since then, every moment he had spent inside Chateau Villette had been leading him to this very instant. I am so close, Remy told himself, gazing into the sanctuary of the Temple Church and the keystone in Robert Langdon's hand. If Langdon dropped it, all would be lost. Am I willing to show my face? It was something the Teacher had strictly forbidden. Remy was the only one who knew the Teacher's identity. â€Å"Are you certain you want Silas to carry out this task?† Remy had asked the Teacher less than half an hour ago, upon getting orders to steal the keystone. â€Å"I myself am capable.† The Teacher was resolute. â€Å"Silas served us well with the four Priory members. He will recover the keystone. You must remain anonymous. If others see you, they will need to be eliminated, and there has been enough killing already. Do not reveal your face.† My face will change, Remy thought. With what you've promised to pay me, I will become an entirely new man.Surgery could even change his fingerprints, the Teacher had told him. Soon he would be free – another unrecognizable, beautiful face soaking up the sun on the beach. â€Å"Understood,† Remy said. â€Å"I will assist Silas from the shadows.† â€Å"For your own knowledge, Remy,† the Teacher had told him,† the tomb in question is not in the Temple Church. So have no fear. They are looking in the wrong place.† Remy was stunned. â€Å"And you know where the tomb is?† â€Å"Of course. Later, I will tell you. For the moment, you must act quickly. If the others figure out the true location of the tomb and leave the church before you take the cryptex, we could lose the Grail forever.† Remy didn't give a damn about the Grail, except that the Teacher refused to pay him until it was found. Remy felt giddy every time he thought of the money he soon would have. One third oftwenty million euro.Plenty to disappear forever.Remy had pictured the beach towns on the Cà ´te d'Azur, where he planned to live out his days basking in the sun and letting others serve him for a change. Now, however, here in the Temple Church, with Langdon threatening to break the keystone, Remy's future was at risk. Unable to bear the thought of coming this close only to lose it all, Remy made the decision to take bold action. The gun in his hand was a concealable, small-caliber, J-frame Medusa, but it would be plenty deadly at close range. Stepping from the shadows, Remy marched into the circular chamber and aimed the gun directly at Teabing's head. â€Å"Old man, I've been waiting a long time to do this.† Sir Leigh Teabing's heart practically stalled to see Remy aiming a gun at him. What is he doing! Teabing recognized the tiny Medusa revolver as his own, the one he kept locked in the limousine glove box for safety. â€Å"Remy?† Teabing sputtered in shock. â€Å"What is going on?† Langdon and Sophie looked equally dumbstruck. Remy circled behind Teabing and rammed the pistol barrel into his back, high and on the left, directly behind his heart. Teabing felt his muscles seize with terror. â€Å"Remy, I don't – â€Å" â€Å"I'll make it simple,† Remy snapped, eyeing Langdon over Teabing's shoulder. â€Å"Set down the keystone, or I pull the trigger.† Langdon seemed momentarily paralyzed. â€Å"The keystone is worthless to you,† he stammered. â€Å"You cannot possibly open it.† â€Å"Arrogant fools,† Remy sneered. â€Å"Have you not noticed that I have been listening tonight as you discussed these poems? Everything I heard, I have shared with others. Others who know more than you. You are not even looking in the right place. The tomb you seek is in another location entirely!† Teabing felt panicked. What is he saying! â€Å"Why do you want the Grail?† Langdon demanded. â€Å"To destroy it? Before the End of Days?† Remy called to the monk. â€Å"Silas, take the keystone from Mr. Langdon.† As the monk advanced, Langdon stepped back, raising the keystone high, looking fully prepared to hurl it at the floor. â€Å"I would rather break it,† Langdon said, â€Å"than see it in the wrong hands.† Teabing now felt a wave of horror. He could see his life's work evaporating before his eyes. All his dreams about to be shattered. â€Å"Robert, no!† Teabing exclaimed. â€Å"Don't! That's the Grail you're holding! Remy would never shoot me. We've known each other for ten – â€Å" Remy aimed at the ceiling and fired the Medusa. The blast was enormous for such a small weapon, the gunshot echoing like thunder inside the stone chamber. Everyone froze.† I am not playing games,† Remy said. â€Å"The next one is in his back. Hand the keystone to Silas.† Langdon reluctantly held out the cryptex. Silas stepped forward and took it, his red eyes gleaming with the self-satisfaction of vengeance. Slipping the keystone in the pocket of his robe, Silas backed off, still holding Langdon and Sophie at gunpoint. Teabing felt Remy's arm clamp hard around his neck as the servant began backing out of the building, dragging Teabing with him, the gun still pressed in his back. â€Å"Let him go,† Langdon demanded. â€Å"We're taking Mr. Teabing for a drive,† Remy said, still backing up. â€Å"If you call the police, he will die. If you do anything to interfere, he will die. Is that clear?† â€Å"Take me,† Langdon demanded, his voice cracking with emotion. â€Å"Let Leigh go.† Remy laughed. â€Å"I don't think so. He and I have such a nice history. Besides, he still might prove useful.† Silas was backing up now, keeping Langdon and Sophie at gunpoint as Remy pulled Leigh toward the exit, his crutches dragging behind him. Sophie's voice was unwavering. â€Å"Who are you working for?† The question brought a smirk to the departing Remy's face. â€Å"You would be surprised, Mademoiselle Neveu.†